diff --git a/internal/core/core.go b/internal/core/core.go
index 3433f49..d391e81 100644
--- a/internal/core/core.go
+++ b/internal/core/core.go
@@ -148,8 +148,42 @@ func (v Value) Exists() bool {
 //   - byte slice
 func IsValueType(v any) bool {
 	switch v.(type) {
-	case string, int, float64, bool, []byte:
+	case bool, float64, int, string, []byte:
 		return true
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+// ToBytesMany converts multiple values to byte slices.
+func ToBytesMany(values ...any) ([][]byte, error) {
+	blobs := make([][]byte, len(values))
+	for i, v := range values {
+		b, err := ToBytes(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		blobs[i] = b
+	}
+	return blobs, nil
+}
+
+// ToBytes converts a value to a byte slice.
+func ToBytes(v any) ([]byte, error) {
+	switch v := v.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return []byte{'1'}, nil
+		} else {
+			return []byte{'0'}, nil
+		}
+	case float64:
+		return []byte(strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'f', -1, 64)), nil
+	case int:
+		return []byte(strconv.Itoa(v)), nil
+	case string:
+		return []byte(v), nil
+	case []byte:
+		return v, nil
+	}
+	return nil, ErrValueType
+}
diff --git a/internal/rhash/tx.go b/internal/rhash/tx.go
index f2eba0d..380282c 100644
--- a/internal/rhash/tx.go
+++ b/internal/rhash/tx.go
@@ -443,17 +443,21 @@ func (tx *Tx) count(key string, fields ...string) (int, error) {
 
 // set creates or updates the value of a field in a hash.
 func (tx *Tx) set(key string, field string, value any) error {
+	valueb, err := core.ToBytes(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	args := []any{
 		key,                    // key
 		core.TypeHash,          // type
 		core.InitialVersion,    // version
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
-	_, err := tx.tx.Exec(sqlSet1, args...)
+	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlSet1, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlSet2, key, field, value)
+	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlSet2, key, field, valueb)
 	return err
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/rlist/tx.go b/internal/rlist/tx.go
index 9c7e8e5..c7e2687 100644
--- a/internal/rlist/tx.go
+++ b/internal/rlist/tx.go
@@ -268,7 +268,11 @@ func NewTx(tx sqlx.Tx) *Tx {
 // Returns the number of elements deleted.
 // Does nothing if the key does not exist or is not a list.
 func (tx *Tx) Delete(key string, elem any) (int, error) {
-	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), elem}
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), elemb}
 	res, err := tx.tx.Exec(sqlDelete, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -436,8 +440,9 @@ func (tx *Tx) Range(key string, start, stop int) ([]core.Value, error) {
 // If the index is out of bounds, returns ErrNotFound.
 // If the key does not exist or is not a list, returns ErrNotFound.
 func (tx *Tx) Set(key string, idx int, elem any) error {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	var query = sqlSet
@@ -447,7 +452,7 @@ func (tx *Tx) Set(key string, idx int, elem any) error {
 		idx = -idx - 1
 	}
 
-	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), elem, idx}
+	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), elemb, idx}
 	out, err := tx.tx.Exec(query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -488,8 +493,12 @@ func (tx *Tx) delete(key string, elem any, count int, query string) (int, error)
 	if count <= 0 {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 
-	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elem, count}
+	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elemb, count}
 	res, err := tx.tx.Exec(query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -503,13 +512,18 @@ func (tx *Tx) delete(key string, elem any, count int, query string) (int, error)
 
 // insert inserts an element before or after a pivot in a list.
 func (tx *Tx) insert(key string, pivot, elem any, query string) (int, error) {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return 0, core.ErrValueType
+	pivotb, err := core.ToBytes(pivot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), pivot, elem}
+	args := []any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli(), pivotb, elemb}
 	var count int
-	err := tx.tx.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&count)
+	err = tx.tx.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&count)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return 0, core.ErrNotFound
 	}
@@ -538,8 +552,9 @@ func (tx *Tx) pop(key string, query string) (core.Value, error) {
 
 // push inserts an element to the front or back of a list.
 func (tx *Tx) push(key string, elem any, query string) (int, error) {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return 0, core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Set the key if it does not exist.
@@ -550,14 +565,14 @@ func (tx *Tx) push(key string, elem any, query string) (int, error) {
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
 	var keyID int
-	err := tx.tx.QueryRow(sqlSetKey, args...).Scan(&keyID)
+	err = tx.tx.QueryRow(sqlSetKey, args...).Scan(&keyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Insert the element.
 	var count int
-	args = []any{keyID, elem, keyID, keyID}
+	args = []any{keyID, elemb, keyID, keyID}
 	err = tx.tx.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&count)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
diff --git a/internal/rstring/tx.go b/internal/rstring/tx.go
index 9052567..6c8eca3 100644
--- a/internal/rstring/tx.go
+++ b/internal/rstring/tx.go
@@ -166,9 +166,6 @@ func (tx *Tx) Set(key string, value any) error {
 // SetExpires sets the key value with an optional expiration time (if ttl > 0).
 // Overwrites the value and ttl if the key already exists.
 func (tx *Tx) SetExpires(key string, value any, ttl time.Duration) error {
-	if !core.IsValueType(value) {
-		return core.ErrValueType
-	}
 	var at time.Time
 	if ttl > 0 {
 		at = time.Now().Add(ttl)
@@ -226,6 +223,11 @@ func get(tx sqlx.Tx, key string) (core.Value, error) {
 
 // set sets the key value and (optionally) its expiration time.
 func set(tx sqlx.Tx, key string, value any, at time.Time) error {
+	valueb, err := core.ToBytes(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	var etime *int64
 	if !at.IsZero() {
 		etime = new(int64)
@@ -239,11 +241,11 @@ func set(tx sqlx.Tx, key string, value any, at time.Time) error {
 		etime,                  // etime
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
-	_, err := tx.Exec(sqlSet1, args...)
+	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlSet1, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlSet2, key, value)
+	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlSet2, key, valueb)
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -251,16 +253,20 @@ func set(tx sqlx.Tx, key string, value any, at time.Time) error {
 // expiration time. If the key does not exist, creates a new key with
 // the specified value and no expiration time.
 func update(tx sqlx.Tx, key string, value any) error {
+	valueb, err := core.ToBytes(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	args := []any{
 		key,                    // key
 		core.TypeString,        // type
 		core.InitialVersion,    // version
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
-	_, err := tx.Exec(sqlUpdate1, args...)
+	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlUpdate1, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlUpdate2, key, value)
+	_, err = tx.Exec(sqlUpdate2, key, valueb)
 	return err
 }
diff --git a/internal/rzset/tx.go b/internal/rzset/tx.go
index 2dc9f1d..87a17d9 100644
--- a/internal/rzset/tx.go
+++ b/internal/rzset/tx.go
@@ -163,14 +163,13 @@ func (tx *Tx) Count(key string, min, max float64) (int, error) {
 // Does not delete the key if the set becomes empty.
 func (tx *Tx) Delete(key string, elems ...any) (int, error) {
 	// Check the types of the elements.
-	for elem := range elems {
-		if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-			return 0, core.ErrValueType
-		}
+	elembs, err := core.ToBytesMany(elems...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Remove the elements.
-	query, elemArgs := sqlx.ExpandIn(sqlDelete, ":elems", elems)
+	query, elemArgs := sqlx.ExpandIn(sqlDelete, ":elems", elembs)
 	args := append([]any{key, time.Now().UnixMilli()}, elemArgs...)
 	res, err := tx.tx.Exec(query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -208,14 +207,15 @@ func (tx *Tx) GetRankRev(key string, elem any) (rank int, score float64, err err
 // If the element does not exist, returns ErrNotFound.
 // If the key does not exist or is not a set, returns ErrNotFound.
 func (tx *Tx) GetScore(key string, elem any) (float64, error) {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return 0, core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	var score float64
-	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elem}
+	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elemb}
 	row := tx.tx.QueryRow(sqlGetScore, args...)
-	err := row.Scan(&score)
+	err = row.Scan(&score)
 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 		return 0, core.ErrNotFound
 	}
@@ -230,8 +230,9 @@ func (tx *Tx) GetScore(key string, elem any) (float64, error) {
 // If the element does not exist, adds it and sets the score to 0.0
 // before the increment. If the key does not exist, creates it.
 func (tx *Tx) Incr(key string, elem any, delta float64) (float64, error) {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return 0, core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	args := []any{
@@ -240,13 +241,13 @@ func (tx *Tx) Incr(key string, elem any, delta float64) (float64, error) {
 		core.InitialVersion,    // version
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
-	_, err := tx.tx.Exec(sqlIncr1, args...)
+	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlIncr1, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
 	var score float64
-	args = []any{key, elem, delta}
+	args = []any{key, elemb, delta}
 	err = tx.tx.QueryRow(sqlIncr2, args...).Scan(&score)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -358,8 +359,9 @@ func (tx *Tx) UnionWith(keys ...string) UnionCmd {
 
 // add adds or updates the element in a set.
 func (tx *Tx) add(key string, elem any, score float64) error {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	args := []any{
@@ -368,36 +370,35 @@ func (tx *Tx) add(key string, elem any, score float64) error {
 		core.InitialVersion,    // version
 		time.Now().UnixMilli(), // mtime
 	}
-	_, err := tx.tx.Exec(sqlAdd1, args...)
+	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlAdd1, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlAdd2, key, elem, score)
+	_, err = tx.tx.Exec(sqlAdd2, key, elemb, score)
 	return err
 }
 
 // count returns the number of existing elements in a set.
 func (tx *Tx) count(key string, elems ...any) (int, error) {
-	for _, elem := range elems {
-		if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-			return 0, core.ErrValueType
-		}
+	elembs, err := core.ToBytesMany(elems...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
-
-	query, elemArgs := sqlx.ExpandIn(sqlCount, ":elems", elems)
+	query, elemArgs := sqlx.ExpandIn(sqlCount, ":elems", elembs)
 	args := append([]any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key}, elemArgs...)
 	var count int
-	err := tx.tx.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&count)
+	err = tx.tx.QueryRow(query, args...).Scan(&count)
 	return count, err
 }
 
 // getRank returns the rank and score of an element in a set.
 func (tx *Tx) getRank(key string, elem any, sortDir string) (rank int, score float64, err error) {
-	if !core.IsValueType(elem) {
-		return 0, 0, core.ErrValueType
+	elemb, err := core.ToBytes(elem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 
-	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elem}
+	args := []any{time.Now().UnixMilli(), key, elemb}
 	query := sqlGetRank
 	if sortDir != sqlx.Asc {
 		query = strings.Replace(query, sqlx.Asc, sortDir, 2)